The Efficient Market Hypothesis Essay Example for Free

The Efficient Market Hypothesis Essay In present day budgetary financial aspects, one of the most basic developments , which assumes a noteworthy job in financing procedure, is effective market speculation (from now on EMH). In spite of the way that its first hypothetical definition, which was established by Paul Samuelson in 1960s, is very nearly five decades old, various scholarly investigations have been directed about it (Alajbeg, Bubas Sonje, 2012). As indicated by Alajbeg et al. (2012), in 1960s market productivity was characterized by Samuelson as the presence of a total rivalry in a market, though under a suspicion that all members have similarly a similar chance to get to the accessible data. Besides, Fama (1965) refered to in Alajbeg et al. (2012) endeavors to show the EMH experimentally. This paper will attempt to basically discuss all the types of proficiency and give reasonable proof why the greater part of the structures appear to be outlandish in the current financial circumstances. It will begin by acquainting how with perceive effectiveness and what are the types of the EMH, following by testing each structure in today’s financial conditions with introducing sound contentions. Damodaran (2001) calls attention to that advertise effectiveness is recognized by three distinct estimations. First is thinking about the sum and the separation of redirecting cost from genuine incentive in the market. The subsequent measure is by taking a gander at the pace and the amount of adjusting costs to new data which go to the market. At last, it is estimated by deciding the chance of common increasing higher benefits by certain financial specialists in the market while they may uncover a similar pace of hazard that different speculators uncover. For the most part, financial specialists have isolated the EMH into three fundamental structures dependent on the sort of the data reflected in security costs. The primary kind of the EMH is powerless structure. In this type of productivity, the main data relying upon is the past costs data. Be that as it may, some other accessible stock data is by all accounts priceless in these business sectors. As Hillier, Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe Jordan (2010) express no data, aside from the authentic costs, is depended on by the speculators in the powe rless structure proficiency. In the light of this, a capital market is viewed as feebly effective when it contains value data about the past offer costs. Hillier et al. (2010) additionally affirm that originating before technique is probably not going to have the option to deliver returns in the market activities. Put another way, data for future isn't anticipated in this type of proficiency. This is by all accounts a potential motivation behind why these business sectors are called feeble proficiency. The second sort of the market effectiveness is semi-solid structure. As per Ross, Westerfield Jordan (1993), the semi-solid effectiveness is the most dubious structure among all the three structures. From this point of view, Ross et al. (1993) notice the motivation behind why this structure in the business sectors is more disputable than different structures is that it cautions a specialist, who investigation money related data so as to discover mis-evaluated stock, to not sit around idly in breaking down some conceivably futile data, for example, budget summary data since this data is as of now remembered for the current stock costs. Brealey, Myers Allen (2011) keep up that in these business sectors, costs quickly fuse entire openly accessible data, for example, last quarters acquiring revelation, a proposition of binding together different organizations and a new matter o f stock. In the light of this discovering, it very well may be said that the semi-solid market proficiency depend on both verifiable and open data simultaneously (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). Solid structure effectiveness is the last type of productivity. Ross et al. (1993) stress a wide range of data, either open or private, are bound to be consolidated in the financial exchange costs when the market is proficiently solid. Also, in this sort of market, it is difficult to decide any unique speculators who are capable ceaselessly to vanquish the market (Brealey et al., 2011). Communicated in an unexpected way, solid rivalry is exceptionally considered among the financial specialists of the solid market effectiveness. In this manner, the essential speculators will most likely be unable to keep their high situation in the long haul. As per Brealey et al. (2011), since Maurice Kendall distributed his dubious paper in 1953 on the conduct of stock costs, a lot of money related examination has been done to test the EMH. In the light of that foundation data, both supporting and objection proof has stretched out to every one of the three structures feeble, semi-solid and solid. Right off the bat, so as to test the frail type of this speculation, Brealey et al. (2011) assess the benefit of some exchanging rules which is used by speculators who look to decide designs in security costs. Hillier et al. (2010) guarantee in spite of the fact that the offer value developments are irregular, speculators will in general notification designs. Nonetheless, the presence of examples in the past value information, which is the fundamental data in powerless structure productivity, is by all accounts stunning, as per Hillier et al. (2010). For instance, Hillier et al. (2010) outline the cooperation between Shell transport and Royal Dutch Petroleum, which arbitrariness is exceptionally anticipated rather than design in their stock cost. At that point Brealey et al. (2011:352) exhibit ‘‘since the two organizations took an interest in the equivalent hidden incomes in 2005, it would be relied upon the stock costs to have moved in careful lockstep, while the genuine cost of the tow shares some of the time separated substantially’’. Subsequently, Hillier et al. (2010) affirm that the security decisions dependent on examples of recorded value changes would not be as adequate as irregular decision. As an outcome of this proof, it very well may be expected that the powerless structure productivity is by all accounts an important structure in the new monetary condition. Besides, in analyzing the semi-solid effectiveness, the speed of responding security costs towards declarations is estimated (Brealey et al., 2011). As indicated by this type of proficiency, past value data would not have any impact on present genuine return since this structure infers that in a productive market, verifiable data has only reflected in the current costs (Hillier et al., 2010). Though, in numerous experimental cases past data impacts on stock costs. For instance, Hillier et al. (2010) feature the worldwide credit emergency of 2008 which right off the bat began uniquely from the British bank Northern Rock. At that point it gradually proceeded and spread some different banks, for example, Bear Stearn, the US speculation bank, HBOS and Lehmann Brothers. Hillier et al. (2010) additionally express that it had not halted except if the short selling would have been incidentally maintained a strategic distance from by the US and UK governments. From the light of this exact condition, the semi-solid proficiency is most likely not, at this point a reasonable structure in todays economy on the grounds that the standard test necessity, which financial experts follow , may not be reflected in it. At last, regarding testing the solid structure productivity, Brealey et al. (2008) bring up that the presentation of the supervisors in the business sectors is relied upon. Hillier et al. (2010) infer that it is bound to benefit from an individual data which different speculators don't have in the market, while in the solid effective market it is probably not going to be benefitted from this data by their proprietors. Further to this, Brealey et al. (2011) claims that it is most likely increasingly regular that a specific chief in a market, who is more cunning than the others, could make unrivaled benefits. This is by all accounts a proper proof against the EMH on account of solid structure. Essentially, Damondaran (2001) brings up that a few financial specialists can gain more benefit than the others while they have a similar possibility of hazard. Brealey et al. (2011) take an enormous example of the US organizations so as to test the extent of yearly benefits among them from 1926 to 2008. Brealey et al. (2011:349) demonstrate ‘‘since 1926 the load of the organizations with the most reduced market capitalizations have performed generously better than those with the most elevated capitalizations’’. Similarly, Alajbeg et al. (2012) censure the EMH on account of the adequacy of certain abnormalities in the market, for instance, January impact, end of the week impact and energy impact. Because of the previously mentioned contentions, it tends to be contended that the solid market productivity doesn't bode well in the current monetary circumstances as a result of the chance of out-execution in the market. Also, the EMH has confronted numerous reactions. For instance, Brealey et al. (2011) notice a securities exchange bubble in property costs in the US. As it were, the cost has nearly multiplied by 2005. By the by, the EMH thinks about that costs consistently equivalent to the qualities inside the productive markets (Brealey et al., 2011). This can likewise be seen as a proof against the EMH. All in all, the members for the most part attempt to abuse each single found mis-valuing in the securities exchange. This opposition brings about market effectiveness (Brealey et al., 2008). There are three types of productivity: powerless, semi-solid and solid. The frail structure productivity is by all accounts huge in todays economy since it thinks about that costs are irregular and that is demonstrated in the exact circumstances. Be that as it may, the solid structure is commonly viewed as inane as a result of the out-execution which can be executed by certain financial specialists. Likewise, the semi-solid structure might be viewed as a numb type of the EMH in the current economy. This structure is probably not going to give the normal test requests when it tests to discover how quickly costs react to the new data. Besides, there are numerous discussions about the EMH in experimental circumstances in light of happening a few air pockets and emergency. Evidently, there are impressive contentions about market productivity along

Hypochondroplasia free essay sample

This, at long last prompts he aggravations in bone development which are the qualities of this issue. People living with the condition are known to have a totally typical future. In less complex terms, hypochondroplasia is a hereditary type of short height, which has a place toa class of dwarfism. This is a consequence of an issue with bone arrangement or development. People with hypochondroplasia show a disparity in arms and legs, being shorter than the normal size. Just 70% of hypochondroplasia cases are brought about by the change of the FGFR3 quality. It is accepted that the other 30% of outstanding cases are brought about by the ndividual having another FGFR3 quality, which is acquired in an autosomal prevailing way. There is a half possibility that an individual with this condition will give it to each with 2 adjusted duplicates of the FGFR3 quality (which means the two guardians are influenced), they will in general have increasingly extreme issues with bone development then a kid would in the event that it were brought into the world with Just 1 FGFR3 change. We will compose a custom article test on Hypochondroplasia or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Be that as it may, a youngster can be brought into the world with hypochondroplasia to average size guardians. This occurs because of another possibility change (transformation), implying that the danger of this incident again is practically zero. Hypochondroplasia, is Just one of numerous in a group of bone dysplasias which are aused by a similar change in the FGFR3 quality. A few instances of different conditions in this family are, achondroplasia (which is the nearest to hypochondroplasia however progressively extreme), SADDAN disorder, and thanatophoric dysplasia. Hypochondroplasia be that as it may, is known to be the mildest in this specific arrangement of related conditions. Basic highlights of one with hypochondroplasia are, short arms, short legs, expansive, short hands and feet, huge head, restricted scope of movement at the elbows, influence of the lower back, and bowed legs. It is evaluated that 1 in each 15,000 to 40,000 infants are brought into the world with hypochondroplasia every year, in the USA alone. This works out to just 0. 01% of the populace. One site reports that there are roughly 180,000 to 312,000 known live births, until this point in time. Wellbeing Conditions Associated With Hypochondroplasia GROWTH A person with hypochondroplasia, will arrive at an all out grown-up stature of 310 to 55 (118-165cm). The middle stature for individuals with this condition is typically 48. Here and there the finding of this condition can be postponed because of development being so near ordinary, in the initial 3 years of life. Guardians should give close consideration to the next wellbeing conditions related with this condition, so as to get the finding arly enough so they can manage the potential issues to come. Some may decide to utilize a development hormone be that as it may; this has a negligible impact, assuming any. HEAD GROWTH About half of kids with hypochondroplasia additionally have macrocephaly, which means their head is strangely enormous. This condition is analyzed when the perimeter of the childs head is multiple occasions the normal size for offspring of their equivalent age, race, sex, and time of incubation. Ordinary neuroimaging ought to be done if the development of the youngster head quickens or if signs and side effects of hydrocephalus (which is brought about by the development of erebrospinal liquid) happen. In some progressively serious cases, ventriculoperitoneal shunting is performed. Signs and side effects to look for while deciding whether one has hydrocephalus are, irregular step, urinary incontinence, and dementia. Seizures are apparent in just few hypochondroplasia cases, this being number being close to 5-10%. Be that as it may, in practically these cases people likewise have fleeting projection dysgenesis, which is an auxiliary irregularity of the mind. The standard medicines utilized for people with epilepsy can be utilized by those with hypochondroplasia, for the treatment of seizures. Wellbeing Conditions Associated with Hypochondroplasia (Contd) DEVELOPMENT Near portion of people with hypochondroplasia are determined to have a learning incapacity, 10-12% of these people have an auxiliary determination of mental hindrance. Exceptional programing and educators coordinated to a people explicit necessities are accessible for the individuals who need the help.

Equity :: Papers

Value In 1066 when William the champion came to England the law was very unique in relation to today. Vagrant appointed authorities who might go around the nation settling any questions administrated it. They began utilizing nearby laws and applying these to cases before them. In any case, the Normans were quick to build up a law which they could apply to the entirety nation, a law which would be regular to each one. So they assembled what was viewed as the best of various neighborhood laws and built up a precedent-based law. Before long however numerous issues were found with custom-based law. It before long became excessively furrowed. Two of the primary issues with custom-based law were, that it didn’t offer adequate cures and, a common activity must be taken by utilization of a â€Å"writ.† A writ was utilized to set out the reason for the activity and the justification for the case. The writ turned into an issue since it must be made to fit and existing writ. To begin with a new writ was made when a reasonable past case couldn't be found in any case, it was before long halted and no new writs could be given. This implied that a few cases couldn't be sought after, as a current writ that fit the case couldn't be found. This made numerous individuals miserable with the custom-based law framework. The other principle reason individuals were despondent with the custom-based law framework is that inadequate cures were advertised now and again. The main cure accessible was harms, this implied pay, which was not generally good. Because of these issues numerous individuals turned out to be progressively disappointed with the precedent-based law framework. An ever increasing number of individuals started to appeal to the lord as a â€Å"fountain of justice† for an increasingly appropriate

Topic Ideas For Persuasive Essays

Topic Ideas For Persuasive EssaysThe topics for successful persuasive essays should be important to the student and should not take up a lot of time or they could easily get lost. But finding effective topics that will actually engage students is not always easy.The first step is to determine what types of topics are most interesting for your class and which ones have been used by past students. Consider the best essay topics for college students in particular.Research this topic in order to find out what the topics students choose are. Do they consider what you think they should consider? If the essay topics for college students are from the year before they were in school then they may have already chosen the best topic ideas, but they might not know that their topics are better.Then start researching what the students think about different ideas. Determine what is important to them. This will enable you to write essays that the students will also enjoy reading. If they feel like t he idea does not matter then they will not read your essay either.Many people worry about writing persuasive essays when they consider some of the essay topics for college students. It is important to be careful about what you include on your paper because it does not have to be long and it can still be interesting.For example if you are writing an essay on political or philosophical topics for college students you will not want to spend a lot of time trying to convince the reader. It is more important to gain information from the readers rather than tell them what to think. You want to be engaging in order to keep them reading.When writing persuasive essays make sure you give emphasis to what the topic is. The purpose of a persuasive essay is to get people to agree with your ideas, so that you can persuade them to do things that you want them to do. People will argue about what you are talking about, but they will feel compelled to do things you want them to do if you make them fee l that way.The types of persuasive essay topics for college students are endless. You just need to choose the type of topics that interest the students and that will help to make the topic interesting for them. This will make it easier for you to write a persuasive essay that is engaging for both you and the reader.

Success Factors in Online Product Development

Success Factors in Online Product Development Product development can be quite a tricky thing. It’s not something that can be done just by anyone, and even those that have been in this field for a long time are bound to encounter complexities and difficulties. Online product development is no different. In fact, many would even argue that it is more complicated than your usual new product development. Still, just like in any new product development endeavor, the probabilities of online product development becoming a success is high, provided you have made sure that all the key components area in place.If you ask people engaged in business on what is sure to guarantee success for online product development â€" or any product development, for that matter â€" most of them are likely to say that it is money. Is the RD spending more than adequate to support the project? Will they have enough money to pay for highly skilled people that will be included in the product development team?They are not wrong; however, they are not entirel y correct, either. Having adequate money and resources is just one of the many factors that can impact the success of developing a new online product. © Shutterstock.com | MaglaraThe success or failure of online products hinges on several critical factors, which we will categorize into four: strategic factors, development process factors, market environment factors, and organizational factors. Hence, in this article, we will explain each category of success factors in online product development: 1) strategic factors, 2) development process factors, 3) organizational factors, 4) market environment factors, and 5) a short  conclusion.STRATEGIC FACTORSThese are the factors that have an effect on the company’s overall online product strategy, or how the new product will impact the company’s overall business strategy and goals.The strategic factors that you should consider include the following:1) Availability of resourcesMany online product development projects have been abandoned or discarded for the simple reason that the developers do not have adequate resources â€" both in manpower and money. From the beginning, the company mu st have a clear-cut budget in place, and they should have those resources readily on hand. Notice how many businesses have large appropriations in their budgets for RD activities. These RD spending almost always relates to new product development.2) Product advantageA new online product will not have any hope of succeeding if it does not have anything to offer. Therefore, you should see to it that you have a strong product advantage before pushing through with the process.3) Technological/manufacturing synergyIT, or information technology, synergy has been seen to bring about significant synergy savings â€" something that any organization wouldn’t say no to. The success of online product development will also be influenced by the integration of diverse technology systems that the company already has â€" and how these systems work together upon integration.One thing that many businesses make a mistake on is making use of a technology that is not yet ready. You have a product idea, and you have the technology to develop the idea. However, make sure that the technology is already fully developed and ready for application. Otherwise, you may end up spending more time, money and other resources using something that is not yet actually fully functional.4) Well-defined new product strategyAn online product development team cannot just launch into a project blindly. They require a solid idea on the company’s strategy on new products. Having early product definition will steer them in the right direction, since they have a clear path to follow. Thus, the product strategy for the business must be defined clearly. What should the new product strategy cover? It should have the following:The business’ new online product goals;The areas of focus in online produce development;The role of the new products in achieving the overall business goals;The expected profitability of the new products.DEVELOPMENT PROCESS FACTORSNext, you’d have to look into the factors that dire ctly affect the process of developing the new online product. They include the following:1) Top management supportHow much support is the product development team getting from the top management? Is the team being monitored closely, or does the top brass barely pay attention to how the development process is going on? If the top management shows more than a passing interest in the development process, the team is likely to feel more motivated to put more effort into developing the new product. Commitment to new online products on the part of the senior management is another good sign that it is something worth investing time and money on.2) High-quality new product processTake a look at the product process itself. Since it is a “process”, it covers the steps or activities that will be followed in the development of online products, from the time of the inception of the idea all the way to the launch of the new product and even various post-launch activities.A high quality new pr oduct process is one that has a sharp and clear product definition early on, but also clearly provides a smooth guide for execution, all while offering enough flexibility for the developers to make tweaks or adjustments when and if necessary. It is not enough that you have a process; make sure it is streamlined for efficiency, but without sacrificing effectiveness. After all, you want a product process that will yield excellent outcomes.Take note, however, that having a high-quality new product process is not enough. At the end of the day, the execution of the new product process will be the ultimate yardstick in measuring its quality.3) Proficiency of technological activitiesIt is important that you are aware of what technological activities are involved, and what the risks are. New product development teams will rely greatly on preliminary and detailed technical assessments since, through them, they will find out what are the probable technical routes and risks are. This will also help them in identifying the costs and capital requirements for the project, as well as the timing or scheduling.ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORSThis entails looking into the structure of the business or the organization. The main issues to be addressed include how the team assigned to the online product development project was chosen and organized, and how the team interacts with each other and with other external parties.1) High-quality new product development teamsChoosing the right people for the job is very important for any project. Naturally, if you want to have a topnotch product, you would have to find people with equally topnotch skills and qualifications to comprise the team that you will assign the project to.But finding the right people does not pertain only to their skills, qualifications and contributions. It also refers to how they work together in order to develop the right product, within the specified time frame, and strictly within the bounds of the budget that was allott ed for the specific project at hand.The team leader will be the glue that will keep the members of the team together. He is the driver that will steer the team towards achieving their goal. Therefore, it is important that a team leader be assigned to only one online product development project. In the event that it is not possible, assign him to another project or two, but not too much that he will be too spread too thinly and will end up being inefficient and unproductive.It is also important that there will only be one team leader for the entire duration of the project. From the inception until the post-launch activities, having one recognized team leader adds a sense of cohesion to the whole project, and the vision will also remain intact.In choosing the members of the team, here are some important tips:If you already have an existing team in place, your main task at hand is to ensure that the work assignment and division of labor is done properly. Therefore, conduct an assessmen t of each individual’s strength and weaknesses.Next, assess the team as a whole. Look for gaps or areas where the team seems to be lacking or inadequate. At the same time, identify the team’s strengths.Using your individual and team assessment of strengths and weaknesses, come up with a plan where the team’s strengths are leveraged and the weaknesses are turned into strengths.If you feel that you need more skills to your team, look outside the team. You might just have other talents from the organization that will be able to contribute greatly to your current In many larger companies, they practice making use of cross-functional teams in order to maximize their manpower’s skills sets in product development. This cross-functional teamwork has been seen to work wonders in various large company settings since teams are able to access skills of others and offer what they have to other teams as well. It’s a classic case of give-and-take, with both teams benefiting, and the busi ness getting the best results.2) Climate in the workplaceThis refers to the overall atmosphere within the workplace. Fostering an innovative climate within the organization â€" not just the new product development team â€" will facilitate the flow of ideas and the freer sharing of talents.The most common examples of activities that are conducted to promote an innovative climate in the workplace include:Encouraging the submission or sharing of ideas from employees or other members of the organization, even if they are not part of the product development team.Supporting employees as they individually look for ideas and work on projects of their own choice, without necessarily being assigned to them by the company. Agreeing to provide them time off to pursue these individual and independent projects will benefit the company in the long run. Similarly, making resources available to employees in these pursuits is also highly recommended.Management of people plays an important factor in f ostering a harmonious and productive climate in the workplace. All too often, especially in larger companies, one person can be assigned to more than three online product development projects at once. In this case, it is important that the resource commitments, as well as the time allocation, be spelled out clearly. Overlaps, if left unmanaged, will lead to problems and other inefficiencies. Assignments of people to projects must be made in a realistic manner in order to keep these inefficiencies at a minimum.How the team interacts or communicates is also integral to online product development. Conducting regular meetings, if only to provide progress reports and status updates, is very important. This is to ensure that all the members of the team are kept up to date on the latest developments in the project, and for them to identify problems as they crop up.MARKET ENVIRONMENT FACTORSAfter taking a look within the confines of the organization, it is also important to consider the fac tors affecting the market or the environment of the online product being developed. The factors are:1) Market size and potentialLike in every new product development process, you also have to take note of the size of the market for the online product you are developing. You have probably already established through prior market studies that there is a market for the proposed product. But how big is the market? Is it enough to guarantee profitability once the online product has been released?2) CompetitionWho are your competitors, and how are they doing? Knowing your competition will give you an idea what you will be up against. You will also get hints on what you should incorporate into the design of your new product in order to make it stand out when placed alongside the competition.3) Other external environment factorsOther factors from the external environment that you should take into account include government regulations and other similar restrictions.In this respect, conducti ng market assessment and studies is very important, since they will be your most reliable tools in learning about your market size and potential, the level of need of the market for what you are proposing to offer, and what your target market is looking for. Going into as much detail in your market studies will definitely not hurt and will actually even give you a clearer view of your market and the competition.Online product development will also be successful when you see to it that your market is aware of, and interested in, your new product. That is the reason why it is also a good idea to conduct activities to generate high levels of interest and awareness among your target market. This will surely pave the way for the new product once it is ready for launching and distribution.Notice how some online product developers provide regular updates on their product development in their websites by way of news articles and blog posts. This is an effective method of piquing the marketâ €™s interest and getting a feel of their expectations and their requirements.CONCLUSIONIt is not just money, and it’s not just manpower that will help make online product development successful. Instead, it is a mix of the above-mentioned success factors.

Structuring Good and Evil - Literature Essay Samples

Saint Augustine dwells upon the nature and origin of evil throughout his Confessions. Morality is an inextricable part of religion and religious doctrine, but the question seems to hold some greater weight for him beyond the teachings of the church. The question of evil depressed and suffocated him, perplexed him and lead him into a series of thought experiments and spatial restructurings of the world around him (114). St. Augustine restructured the world in order to find evil the mass or the machination within it. For all the acclaim he later received for his abstract thought, he was instinctually a concrete, spatial thinker. Therefore, the problem of location of evil, or, similarly, of its origin, most plagued him. Why then have I the power to will evil and reject good? . . . Why put this power in me and implanted in me this seed of bitterness, when all of me was created by my very kind God? (114) These are questions common to many philosophers and theologians across the y ears. However, Augustine, who proposes a series of answers throughout the first half of this work, ultimately arrives at an answer which satisfies him.Saint Augustine first constructs a spatial explanation for evil while exploring the sins of his instructors. These, he says, were men who considered the morality of their actions to be irrelevant, but rather who considered nothing shameful which could be spoken of gracefully. Augustine, of course, takes issue with this, saying that in behaving so, his teachers have turned away from God. To be far from [Gods] face is to be in the darkness of passion, he explains (20). This statement is an accessible one: the metaphor between sin and darkness, and conversely between light and the divine, is ubiquitous in the Christian tradition. However, even as he makes this claim, he backs off of it, saying, one does not go far away from you or return to you by walking or by any movement through space (20).Clearly, then, the physicality implied i n this relationship is only a metaphor for an emotional or spiritual position. Augustine seems to have no other way of explicating this emotional distance, however, since even in the Biblical story he quotes as evidence that of the prodigal son the sinning man has made a physical as well as a spiritual departure from his father. While he places no literal caveats on this idea, Augustine fails to seem entirely convinced by it, a tone underlined by the plea found at the beginning of the following paragraph: Look, Lord God, look with patience as you always do (21). He has only begun to explore this idea.The second of Saint Augustines speculations as to the nature of evil is much less spatial. It arises from a contemplation of his youth, and, perhaps because of this, is hardly as universal a definition of sin or evil as the one which preceded it. Here, Augustine says that his sin consisted in this, that [he] sought pleasure, sublimity, and truth not in God but in his creatures, i n [himself] and other created beings (22-3). The problem is simply that Augustine has mistaken the earthly for the divine. Misunderstanding this division, and thereby misunderstanding the very nature of the divine, is a problem prefigured many times in Christian theology. In the Book of Job, for instance, Jobs friends purport a fictitious knowledge of his evils. Since Augustines is a sin based on a fundamental misapprehension, it is unsurprising that he says that it plunged [him] into miseries, confusions, and errors (23). This is a sin that begets other sins. When the fundamental tenets of a belief system are flawed, all of the ensuing trivia replicates those flaws, if subtly.What is wanting in this new paradigm for sin, however, is some sort of locale for evil. For lack of a more specific definition of evil, these statements begin to suggest that everything which presents the appearance of being good but which is not God is evil. Thankfully, Saint Augustine returns to this idea just pages later, in the next chapter. Here, he bemoans his confused state: If only someone could have imposed restraint on my disorder. That would have transformed to good purpose the fleeting experiences of beauty in these lowest of things (25). Patently, now, the evil is not in the things themselves, but Augustine has relocated it. He has named as the sin itself the disorder and confusion that he had previously believed to be simply the base of the sin. This, then, presents us with a system in which good can be salvaged from the world only through the restraint of religious conviction.Augustines next idea begins to show increasing shades of complexity. The passage in which he describes it reads in a rather disjointed manner, as though it is treating a vast network of ideas with extreme brevity. Although he introduces it at length, the first crucial premise he advances is this: Since in virtue I loved peace and in vice I hated discord, I noted that in virtue there is u nity, in vice a kind of division (67). Therefore, all virtuous acts will possess, or create some sort of unity, sameness, or harmony. In what he calls the unity, Saint Augustine senses truth, beauty, and rationality, but above all, good. These are similar words, and similarly structured, to the ones he uses to talk about the nature of God. Perhaps, then, within this system, good acts are committed wholly within God: motivated from within, completed within, and effectual within.On the contrary, since Augustine perceives good an evil as diametric opposites, he asserts that all sinful acts can be characterized by discord or division. In these very divisions, Augustine says, there was some substance of irrational life and the nature of supreme evil (67). For the first time, he assigns some physical matter, as well as a haphazard consciousness, to the abstract idea of evil. This can be read as an example of Augustines growing frustration as a satisfactory solution to the problem e ludes him. Because he cannot explain evil, lending it both a medium of its own and a devious consciousness with which to play its tricks allows it to effectively defy explanation. In the meantime, its very fractured, inexplicable nature fits neatly into the meta-system he has constructed, where good is unified and its opposite is not. To his credit, Augustine, at the time of his writing, finds this argument false, saying that I did not know nor had I learnt that evil is not a substance, nor is our mind the supreme and unchangeable good (67). This is likely the reason that he doesnt explicate it any further.Perhaps he simply doesnt feel as though he needs to, given that he spends a great deal of time on a related idea. From the very beginning of the text, Saint Augustine suggests a variety of physical forms for God. Some of his suggestions have a lovely insightful quality: We cannot think that you are given coherence by vessels full of you, because even if they were to be broke n, you would not be split, he says, to refute the idea that the earth itself is a vessel, poured full of God-liquid (4). At other times, Augustine assigns God an engineers role in the spatial world: he is called the Maker, and in Him are the constant causes of inconstant things (67, 7). Augustine would love to understand God on a physical level, but the three-dimensional realm has no patience with the contradictory statements typically used to discuss the divine: Never new, never old, Augustine says of God, always active, always in repose (5). When one talks in terms of concrete spaces, there is little room for ambiguity, since they are full or empty, dark and hollow or blazing with some sort of divine light. Ultimately, Saint Augustine condemns the idea of imagining God as any sort of physical form. Nonetheless, imagining Gods physicality occupies him through much of the Confessions, and the products of this thought correspond to yet another of his suggestions on the nature of good and evil.When I wanted to think of my God, Augustine explains, I knew of no way of doing so except as a physical mass. Nor did I think anything existed which is not material . . . For the same reason I also believed that evil is a kind of material substance. Specifically, he saw good and evil as two infinite masses, though the evil mass was rather smaller. These he saw as subtle physical [entities] diffused through space (85). One could conjecture that, intentionally or unintentionally, ambient atmospheric morality would be absorbed into the general goings-on. Presumably, then, the morality of a thing could be judged by an instrument which would measure relative quantities of good and evil mass within it. St. Augustine acknowledges how preposterous these claims sound. He believes that the flaws in this and his other arguments arise from a flawed conceptualization of the nature of the relationship between God and the universe. The universe he imagined, permeated entirel y by God, precluded the existence of evil, since all things permeated by and created by God, he intuited, would be good.Neoplatonism leads Saint Augustine to one of his final errant conceptualizations of good and evil. Here, the incorruptible, immune, and immutable become synonymous with the good and holy, whereas the corruptible, susceptible to injury, and mutable are inferior, or evil. He comes to this conclusion by comparing God with man: if God is both totally good and totally incorruptible, then man, who is not totally good, must be to some extent corruptible. It is interesting to note that, following Platonic logic more closely, God would become a concept relegated to the world of ideas, a spatial position which would have posed a serious challenge to Augustine, had he chosen to address it. As to this and the more intricate justification of his argument, Augustine passes it over, saying I did not know why and how, [but] it was clear to me and certain (111). Having formula ted it, he attempts to use this system of good and evil to purify himself, and, equating the heart with the pure and the mind with the susceptible, succeeds only momentarily in banishing the impure thoughts of his mind. Ultimately, he disregards the argument when it fails to provide a sufficient explanation of Gods physical location (111).Each of Saint Augustines hypotheses represented a clever approach to a problem that, it seemed, was ultimately without a solution. Evil could have no location in a world which was entirely of God. However, Augustine was finally able to relinquish his intuitively spatial thought at least momentarily, and it was this transgression of his nature that finally gave him the solution for which he had been searching. In that fateful moment, he seized upon an idea that functions perfectly within his paradigm: God is good, His creations are good, and only when good things are incongruous is there a need for the concept of evil. Here, intuition seems to work in Augustines favor: take the system in which it is good for a person to eat, and good for a person to retain property which he or she has earned. These two goods become incongruous when, in order for a person to eat, they must take food from another person, who has earned it. It then becomes necessary for something in the system namely, the theft to be denoted as evil. Augustines presentation of this idea transcends mere confidence, however. With the self-assurance granted him by his religious conviction, he states this idea as if it were incontrovertible fact. Having come upon what he considers the truth, he dismisses the rest of his suggestions as simple indiscretions, ideas tossed out on the admittedly tortured playground of his youth.

Cross-Cultural Management Issues Recommend Solutions Essay

In today’s ever-changing and highly integrated world, corporations have a growing need to hire and maintain an exceedingly diverse and multicultural workforce. With globalization, multinational corporations have a great opportunity to work with people from different cultures and with a diverse pool of skills. However, there is a major cost of working in a foreign culture. Several problems arise when managing a culturally diverse workforce; management needs to solve them. Understanding different cultures improves employees’ efficiency and productivity. However, many issues in cross-cultural analysis arise because of the lack of understanding of other cultures and at times about that very culture we live in. This can result in confusion.†¦show more content†¦Cross-cultural issues can range from simple stereotypes to complex paradoxes. Cross-cultural management is a growing field. CULTURAL PARADOX Cross-cultural training poses many problems, which need to be rectified before they become more serious. One of the major problems in cross-cultural training is the cultural paradox: a person growing in a one society has a specific perception about other societies. For example a person who was raised in the U.S. might assume that Singaporeans are poor but if or she goes to Singapore and theses that most of them appear to be wealthy, this is a cultural paradox. As mentioned earlier, context is an essential element of cultural understanding and if we ignore context, cultural paradox is a result. Schemas are mental shortcuts. To understand societies, we rely on our schemas about other people. For example, Japan is a collectivistic society where married sons live in their parents’ house. However, not all sons live with their families. Therefore, we should not miss on cultural context. Sophisticated stereotyping is a form of schema, which associates good attributes with a certain population. For example, the world regards Chinese as a very hard working, collectivistic group of people with high uncertainty avoidance, and a lot of emphasis on group work. These stereotypes help in understanding the culture; however, stereotypes are consciously held and are not based on direct interaction with theShow MoreRelatedThe Case Of The Floundering Expatriate1364 Words   |  6 Pagesto recommend solutions to those problems. We see three major issues lying at the heart of the problems of the multicultural business organization according to The Case of Floundering Expatriate article. These are culture, communication, and leadership and motivation. 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Many managers today don t understand why their ROI and delivery of a product is not productive efficiency. It all points back to organizational development and employee engagement. How do we stop what was happening and get the department moving toward organizational success? We need some innovation to address the issues. A strategic Read MoreJamie Turner at Mli1667 Words   |  7 Pagesroot cause(s) can best be summarized as: The denigration of their relationship; which can be traced to two main issues. A) Ineffective communication between Cardullo and Turner. B) The cultural differences between MLI, Inc. and the management style(s) that Turner was accustomed to with the previous companies for which he worked. Cardullo has embraced an outdated style of management, he’s obdurate and refuses to adapt or be persuaded by his new Vice President –Turner. Not only is there is ineffective

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The Personality Trait Theory ( Jung, Eysenck, And Allport

Introduction Introversion was defined as â€Å"withdrawn and often shy, and they tend to focus on themselves, on their own thoughts and feelings† (Jung, 1923) Therefore focusing on this personality trait can help to better understand why people tend to be reserved and withdrawn from everyday life. Carl Jung was the creator of the neopsychoanalytical approach, which focused on psychic energy. While Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck contributor to the trait theory, focused on biology and individualized traits. Jung, Eysenck and Allport focused on extrovert vs. introvert, yet had completely different ideas of how introversion is seen in everyday life. Personally believeing this trait is one I carry, focusing on completely different approaches will bring light to many explanations of why people act the way they do, including myself. By using both case studies and personal work from the works of Jung, Eysenck, and Allport researching introversion should not be a an issue. Although there is a lot of work to do with introversion, through this research one can get a better overview. Trait Definition Carl Jung has defined introversion as â€Å"withdrawn and often shy, and tend to focus on themselves along with their own thoughts and/or feelings.† Jung also found that everyone starts off with introversion and extroversion, but with time and life experience only the dominant one is the one that shows Therefore, for example two young children going through different life experience can both endShow MoreRelatedCarl Jung s Influence On Life Experience1839 Words   |  8 PagesCarl Jung has defined introversion as â€Å"withdrawn and often shy, and tend to focus on themselves along with their own thoughts and/or feelings.† Jung also found that everyone starts off with introversion and extroversion, but with time and life experience only the dominant one is the one that shows Therefore, for example two young children going through different life experience can both end up being either extroverts or introvert. 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The Secret Circle The Captive Chapter Fourteen Free Essays

string(28) " from a disdainful Melanie\." There was silence under the silver disk of moon. â€Å"Cassie,† Melanie said again. Now everyone was looking at her. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Captive Chapter Fourteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cassie could feel the heat of Faye’s golden eyes on her, and she knew why Sean had squirmed. They were hotter than the pillar of fire Diana had summoned up to protect them at Halloween. As if compelled, Cassie glanced the other way. Diana was looking at her too. Diana’s eyes were like a pool adrift with green leaves. Cassie couldn’t seem to look away from them. â€Å"Cassie?† Melanie said for the third time. Her voice was tinged with the slightest note of doubt. Still unable to look away from Diana’s eyes, Cassie whispered, â€Å"Faye.† â€Å"What? â€Å"cried Laurel. â€Å"Faye,† Cassie said, too loudly. She was clutching the piece of hematite in her pocket. Coldness from it seemed to seep through her body. â€Å"I said Faye, all right?† she said to Melanie, but she was still looking at Diana. Those clear green eyes were bewildered. Then, all at once, understanding came into them, as if a stone had been tossed into the tranquil pool. And when Cassie saw that, saw Diana really understand what had just happened, something inside her died forever. Cassie didn’t know any longer why she was voting for Faye. She couldn’t remember now how all this had started, how she’d gotten on this path in the first place. All she knew was that the coldness from her hand and arm was trickling through her entire body, and that from here on, there was no turning back. Melanie was sitting motionless, stunned, not touching the pile of red and white stones. She seemed to have forgotten about them. It was Deborah who leaned forward and picked up the sixth red stone, adding it to Faye’s pile. And somehow that act, and the sight of the six red stones beside the five white ones, made it real. Electricity crackled in the air as everyone sat forward. Slowly, Melanie said, â€Å"Faye is the new leader of the coven.† Faye stood up. She had never seemed so tall before, or so beautiful. Silently, she held out a hand to Diana. But it wasn’t a gesture of friendship. Faye’s open hand with the long crimson nails was demanding. And in response to it, very slowly, Diana got to her feet as well. She unclasped the silver bracelet from her upper arm. Adam had been staring, thunderstruck. Now he jumped to his feet. â€Å"Wait a minute-â€Å" â€Å"It’s no use, Adam,† Melanie said, in a deadened voice. â€Å"The vote was fair. Nothing can change it now.† Faye took the silver bracelet with the mysterious, runic inscriptions, and clasped it about her own bare, rounded arm. It shone there against the honey-pale skin. Diana’s fingers trembled as she undid the garter. Laurel, muttering something and brushing tears out of her eyes with an angry gesture, moved forward to help her, kneeling before Diana and tugging at the circle of green leather and blue silk. It came free and Laurel stood up, looking as if she wanted to throw it at Faye. But Diana took it and placed it in Faye’s hand. Faye was wearing the shimmering black shift that she’d worn to the Halloween dance, the one slit up both sides to the hip. She buckled the garter around her left thigh. Then Diana put both hands to her hair and lifted off the diadem. Fine strands of hair the color of sunlight and moonlight woven together clung to the silver crown as she removed it. Faye reached out and almost snatched it from her. Faye held the circlet up high, as if showing it to the coven, to the four elements, to the world. Then she settled it on her own head. The crescent moon in its center gleamed against her wild black mane of hair. There was a collective release of breath from the Circle. Cassie didn’t know how she’d gotten to her feet, but suddenly she was running. She bolted out of the circle and ran beside the ocean, her feet sinking into wet sand. She ran until something caught her from behind and stopped her. â€Å"Cassie!† Adam said. His eyes looked straight into hers, as if he was searching for her soul. Cassie hit out at him. â€Å"Cassie, I know you didn’t want to do it! She made you, somehow, didn’t she? Cassie, tell me!† Cassie tried to shake him off again. Why was he bothering her? She was furious, suddenly, with Adam and Diana and their everlasting faith in her. â€Å"I know she made you,† Adam said forcefully. â€Å"Nobody made me!† Cassie almost shouted. Then she stopped fighting him and they stood and stared at each other, both breathing hard. â€Å"You’d better get back there,† Cassie said. â€Å"We’re not supposed to be alone-remember? Remember our oath? Not that I guess you need to think about it much anymore. It’s pretty easy to keep these days, isn’t it?† â€Å"Cassie, what’s going on?† â€Å"Nothing is going on! Just go, Adam. Just-† Before Cassie could stop herself she had grabbed Adam’s arms and pulled him forward. And then she kissed him. It was a hard, angry kiss, and the next moment when she released him she was as stunned as he was. They stared at each other speechlessly. â€Å"Go back,† Cassie said, hardly able to hear her own voice through the pounding in her ears. It was over, it was all over. She was so cold†¦ not just her skin, but inside her, deep in her core, she was freezing. Freezing over like black ice. Everything was black around her. She pushed Adam away and made for the distant glow of the bonfire. â€Å"Cassie!† â€Å"I’m going back. To congratulate our new leader.† It was chaos back at the circle. Laurel was crying, Deborah was shouting, Chris and Doug were glaring like a couple of tomcats about to fight and calling each other names. Sean was hovering behind Faye to keep his distance from a disdainful Melanie. You read "The Secret Circle: The Captive Chapter Fourteen" in category "Essay examples" Suzan was telling Chris and Doug to grow up, while Faye laughed. Of all of them, only Nick and Diana were utterly still. Nick was smoking silently, away from the rest of the group, watching them with narrowed eyes. Diana was just standing there, exactly where she’d been when Cassie left. She didn’t seem to see or hear any of the disturbance around her. â€Å"Will you all just shut up?† Deborah was yelling when Cassie reached them. â€Å"Faye’s the one in charge now.† â€Å"That’s right,† Suzan said. Chris and Doug were shoving each other now. Suzan saw Cassie and said appealingly, â€Å"Isn’t that right, Cassie?* It was strange, how quickly the silence descended. Everyone was looking at Cassie again. â€Å"That’s right,† Cassie said, in a voice hard as stone. Chris and Doug stopped shoving. Laurel stopped crying. No one moved as Cassie walked over behind Faye. From that position she might have been supporting Faye-or she might have been about to stab her in the back. If Faye was afraid, she didn’t show it. â€Å"Okay,† she said to the others. â€Å"You heard it. I’m leader. And now I’m going to give my first order.† She turned her head slightly to address Cassie. â€Å"I want you to get the skull. As for the rest of you-we’re going to the cemetery.† â€Å"What?† Laurel screamed. â€Å"I’m leader and I’m going to do something with my power instead of just sitting on it. There’s energy trapped in that skull, energy that we can use. Cassie, go get it.† Everyone was talking now, arguing, bellowing at each other. Things had never been like this when Diana was leader. Adam was yelling at Faye, demanding to know if she had gone crazy. Only Nick and Diana remained still, Nick watching, Diana staring at something only she could see. Melanie was trying to restore calm, but it was doing no good. Some distant, clinical part of Cassie’s mind noted that if Diana were to interfere now, if Diana would come forward and take over, the coven would listen to her. But Diana did nothing. And the shouting just got louder. â€Å"Get it, Cassie,† Faye was snarling between clenched teeth. â€Å"Or I’ll get it myself.† Cassie could feel Power building around her. The sky overhead was stretched tight as a drum, tight as a harp string waiting to be plucked. The ocean behind her throbbed with pent-up force. She could feel it in the sand under her feet, and see it in the leaping flames of the bonfire. She remembered what she’d done to the Doberman in the pumpkin patch. Some power had burst out from her, focused like a laser beam. Cassie felt as if something like that was concentrating in her now. She was connected to everything and it was all waiting for her to unleash it. â€Å"Black John will let us have his power-he’ll give it to us if we just ask the right way,† Faye was shouting. â€Å"I know, I’ve communicated with him. But we have to go and ask him.† Communicated with him-when? Cassie thought. When she, Cassie, had let Faye take the skull the first time? Or at some point later? â€Å"But why the cemetery?† Melanie was crying. â€Å"Why there?† â€Å"Because that’s what he says† Faye snapped back impatiently. â€Å"Cassie, for the last time! Get the skull!† The elements were ranged behind her†¦ Cassie stared at the back of Faye’s neck. But then she remembered something. The look in Diana’s eyes when Cassie had voted against her†¦ oh, what good would it do to kill Faye now? Everything was over. Cassie spun around and headed for the place where the skull was buried. â€Å"How does she even know–?† Melanie was beginning, and Faye’s laughter cut her off. So that was over, too, the secret about Cassie stealing the skull was out. Diana hadn’t told anyone exactly where the skull was buried, not even Adam. Cassie ran so she wouldn’t have to hear more. She dug in the center of the blackened stones until her fingernails scraped the cloth that wrapped the skull. Then she dug around it and pulled it out of the sand, surprised, as always, by how heavy it was. Cassie staggered as she picked the skull up and started back to Faye. Deborah ran to meet her. â€Å"This way,† she said, diverting Cassie before she could reach the group. â€Å"Come on!† They climbed the bluff and Cassie saw Deborah’s motorcycle. â€Å"Faye planned this,† Cassie said. She looked at Deborah, her voice rising slightly. â€Å"Faye had this planned!† â€Å"Yeah. So what?† Deborah looked perplexed; a good lieutenant used to taking orders from her superior. What did Cassie care if Faye had it planned? â€Å"She figured she would have a hard time getting all the others to come, but she wanted to make sure we got there,† Deborah explained. â€Å"I don’t see how she’s going to get any of the others to come,† Cassie said, looking down at the group below. But a strange madness seemed to have taken hold of some of them; whatever Faye was saying was whipping them into a frenzy. Suzan was heading for the bluff, and Doug was half dragging Chris. Faye was pushing Sean. â€Å"That’s seven; Faye said that’s all we need,† Deborah said, turning from the bluff. â€Å"Come on!† This motorcycle ride was like the last, in that the speed was as great, the moon even brighter. But this time Cassie wasn’t afraid, even though she could only hold on to Deborah with one arm. The other was hugging the skull to her lap. They reached the cemetery and a minute later heard engines. The Samurai was arriving with Chris and Doug and Suzan. Behind it was Faye’s Corvette. Faye got out of the driver’s side and Sean tumbled out of the passenger door. â€Å"Follow me,† Faye said. Long hair switching behind her, she made for the northeast corner. With every step she took, her bare, shapely legs flashed pale, showing the garter on her thigh and a black-handled dagger tucked in the garter. When the ground began to rise, she stopped. Cassie stopped, too, clutching the skull to her chest with both arms, frighteningly aware of where they were standing. In a row here, broken only by a mound in the earth, were the graves of Faye’s father, Sean’s mother, and all the other dead parents from Crowhaven Road. Sean was sniveling now, and only Deborah’s grip on him was keeping him from running away. Faye turned to face them. Even in the worst of times, the tall, dramatically beautiful girl had a natural authority, an ability to intimidate people. Now that seemed enhanced by the symbols of the Queen of the Witches: the diadem, the bracelet, the garter. An aura of power and glamour surrounded her. â€Å"It’s time,† Faye said, â€Å"to take back the energy that belonged to the original coven, and that Black John stored in the skull. Black John wants us to have that power, to use against our enemies. And we can get it back-now.† Taking the black-handled dagger out of her garter, Faye unsheathed it and drew a quick, imperfect circle in the dried-up grass. â€Å"Get in,† she said, and the others took their places. She’s got them moving so fast they’re not thinking about what they’re doing, Cassie thought. No one questioned Faye; everyone seemed caught up in the driving urgency Faye was creating. Even Sean had stopped whining and was staring, rapt. And Faye made a stunning sight as she held the knife up and rapidly called on the elements for protection. Too fast, Cassie was thinking- such slight protection when all their efforts on Halloween hadn’t been enough. But she couldn’t speak either; they were all caught on a roller-coaster ride and nobody could stop it. Least of all Cassie, who was so numb and cold†¦ â€Å"Put the skull in the center, Cassie,† Faye said. Her voice was breathless and her chest was rising and falling quickly. She looked more excited than she had ever looked about Jeffrey, or Nick, or that guy from the pizza place she’d taken upstairs. Cassie knelt and placed the cloth-wrapped thing in the middle of Faye’s flawed circle. â€Å"And now,† Faye said, in that queer, exultant voice, staring down at the sandy lump between her feet, â€Å"we can reclaim the power that should have been ours all along. I call on all the elements to witness-â€Å" â€Å"Faye, stop!† Adam shouted, appearing running between the gravestones. The rest of the coven was behind him, including Diana, who still looked as if she were moving in her sleep. Even Nick, silent and watchful as always, was in the rear. Faye snatched up the covered skull and held it cradled in her two hands. â€Å"You had your chance,† she said. â€Å"Now it’s my turn.† â€Å"Faye, just stop a minute and think,† Adam said. â€Å"Black John isn’t your friend. If he’s really communicated with you, whatever he’s told you is lies-â€Å" â€Å"You’re the liar!† Faye shot back. â€Å"Chris, Doug-that skull killed Kori. If you let that dark energy loose again-â€Å" â€Å"Don’t listen to him!† Faye shouted. She looked like some barbarian queen as she stood there, long legs apart, silver glinting against the black of her shift and the darker black of her hair. Cassie realized that while Adam was talking to her, Laurel and Melanie were circling, one on either side. Faye realized it, too. â€Å"I won’t let you stop me! This is the beginning of a new Circle!† â€Å"Please, Faye-† Diana cried, desperately, seeming to wake up at last. â€Å"By Earth, by Air, by Fire, by Water!† Faye shouted, and she jerked the cloth off the skull and held it in both hands over her head. Silver. The full moon shone down on the crystal and seemed to blaze there, and it was as if another face were suspended above Faye’s; a livid, unnatural, skeletal face. And then- darkness began to pour forth from it. Something blacker than the sky between the stars was streaming out of the skull’s eyesockets, out of its gaping nose-hole and between its grinning teeth. Snakes, thought Cassie, staring hypnotized at what was happening. Snakes and worms and the old kind of dragons, the kind whose heavy scales scrape the ground and who spit poison when they breathe. Everything bad, everything black, everything loathsome and crawling and evil seemed to be flooding out of that skull, although none of it was real. It was only darkness, only black light. There was a sound like the humming of bees, only higher, more deadly. It was growing. Faye was standing under that dreadful cascade of darkness, and the sound was like two ice picks driving into Cassie’s ears, and somewhere a dog was barking†¦ Someone has to stop this, Cassie realized. No-I have to stop this. Now. She was getting to her feet when the skull exploded. Everything was quiet and dark. Cassie wanted it to stay that way. Somebody groaned beside her. Cassie sat up slowly, looking around, trying to piece together what had happened. The cemetery looked like a killing field. Bodies were strewn all over. There was Adam, stretched out with one arm reaching toward the circle and Raj beside him. There was Diana with her shining hair in the leaves and dirt. There was Nick, getting to his hands and knees, shaking his head. Faye was lying in a pool of black silk, her dark hair covering her face. Her hands with their long red nails were cupped, open-but empty. There was no sign of the skull. Someone groaned again, and Cassie looked to see Deborah sitting up, rubbing her face with one hand. â€Å"Are they dead?† Deborah said hoarsely, staring around. â€Å"I don’t know,† Cassie whispered. Her own throat hurt. All those bodies, and the only movement was the fluttering of Diana’s hair in the wind. And Nick, who was stumbling toward the circle. But then there was a stirring-people were starting to sit up. Sean was whimpering. Suzan was, too. Deborah crawled over to Faye and pushed Faye’s hair back. â€Å"She’s breathing.† Cassie nodded; she didn’t know what to say. Adam was bending over Diana-she looked quickly away from that. Melanie and Laurel were up, and so were Chris and Doug, looking like punch-drunk fighters. Everyone seemed to be alive. Then Cassie saw Laurel gasp and point. â€Å"Oh, my God. The mound. Look at the mound.† Cassie turned-and froze. Her eyes went back and forth over the scene without believing it. The mound her grandmother had told her was for storing artillery was broken open. The rusty padlock was gone, and the iron door was jammed against the piece of concrete. But that wasn’t all. The top of the mound, where the sparse cemetery grass had grown, was cracked like an overripe plum. Like the cocoon of an insect that had burst free. And all up and down the line of graves by the fence, tombstones were tilting crazily. The ones nearest the mound, the ones with the names of the parents of Crowhaven Road, were split and shattered. Riven, Cassie thought, the old-fashioned word coming from nowhere, singularly appropriate. Something from inside the mound smelled bad. â€Å"I’ve got to see,† Deborah muttered. Cassie had never admired anyone so much as she did Deborah just then, making her staggering way toward the open mound. Deborah had more physical courage than anyone Cassie had ever known. Dizzily, Cassie got up and lurched beside her, and they both fell to their knees at the edge of the evil-smelling fissure. The moon shining inside showed that it was empty. But there was a coating like slime on the raw earth down there. Then light and motion caught Cassie’s eye. It was in the sky, the sky to the northeast. It was something like the aurora borealis, except that it flickered intermittently, and it was entirely red. â€Å"That’s above Crowhaven Road,† Nick said. â€Å"Oh, God, what’s happening?† Laurel cried. â€Å"Looks like fire,† Deborah muttered, still hoarse. â€Å"Whatever it is, we’d better get there,† Nick said. Adam was holding Diana, trying to revive her. Suzan and Sean were huddled, and Chris and Doug still looked punchy. But Melanie and Laurel were on their feet, if shaken. â€Å"Nick’s right,† Melanie said. â€Å"Let Adam take care of things here. Something’s happening.† Cassie glanced at Faye, her fallen leader, lying on the ground. Then she turned and followed Melanie without a word. It didn’t matter that the five who started unsteadily toward the road had just recently been on opposite sides of a fight. There was no time to think about anything that petty now. Cassie got on the back of Deborah’s motorcycle, and Melanie and Laurel jumped into Nick’s car. The others would have to follow when they could-and if they wanted to. Wind roared in Cassie’s ears like the sound of the sea. But the feeling of power she’d had earlier, the connection with the elements, was broken. She couldn’t think-her mind was fuzzy and cloudy as if she had a bad cold. All she knew was that she had to get to Crowhaven Road. â€Å"It’s not fire,† Deborah shouted as they approached. â€Å"No smoke.† Dark houses flew by-Diana’s, Deborah’s. The empty Georgian at Number Three. Melanie’s, Laurel’s, Faye’s. The vacant Victorian. The Hendersons’, Adam’s, Suzan’s, Sean’s†¦ â€Å"It’s at your house, Cassie,† Deborah shouted. Yes. Cassie knew it would be. Something inside her had known even before they started out. A maple tree showed up like a black skeleton against the red light that engulfed the house at Number Twelve. But the red wasn’t fire. It was some witch-light, a crimson aura of evil. Cassie remembered how much she had hated this house when she’d first seen it. She’d hated it for being huge and ugly, with its peeling gray clapboards and its sagging eaves and unwashed windows. But now she cared about it. It was her family’s ancient home; it belonged to her. And more important than anything, her mother and grandmother were inside. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Captive Chapter Fourteen, Essay examples

None Provided5 Essay Thesis Example For Students

None Provided5 Essay Thesis The Causes Of The Great DepressionThe Great Depression was the worst economic slump ever in U.S. history, and one which spread to virtually all of the industrialized world. The depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade. Many factors played a role in bringing about the depression; however, the main cause for the Great Depression was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920s, and the extensive stock market speculation that took place during the latter part that same decade. The maldistribution of wealth in the 1920s existed on many levels. Money was distributed disparately between the rich and the middle-class, between industry and agriculture within the United States, and between the U.S. and Europe. This imbalance of wealth created an unstable economy. The excessive speculation in the late 1920s kept the stock market artificially high, but eventually lead to large market crashes. These market crashes, combined with the maldis tribution of wealth, caused the The roaring twenties was an era when our country prospered tremendously. The nations total realized income rose from $74.3 billion in 1923 to $89 billion in 1929. However, the rewards of the Coolidge Prosperity of the 1920s were not shared evenly among all Americans. According to a study done by the Brookings Institute, in 1929 the top 0.1% of Americans had a combined income equal to the bottom 42%. That same top 0.1% of Americans in 1929 controlled 34% of all savings, while 80% of Americans had no savings at all. Automotive industry mogul Henry Ford provides a striking example of the unequal distribution of wealth between the rich and the middle-class. Henry Ford reported a personal income of $14 million in the same year that the average personal income was $750. By present day standards, where the average yearly income in the U.S. is around $18,500, Mr. Ford would be earning over $345 million a year! This maldistribution of income between the rich a nd the middle class grew throughout the 1920s. While the disposable income per capita rose 9% from 1920 to 1929, those with income within the top 1% enjoyed astupendous 75% increase in per capita disposable income. A major reason for this large and growing gap between the rich and the working-class people was the increased manufacturing output throughout this period. From 1923-1929 the average output per workerincreased 32% in manufacturing. During that same period of time average wages for manufacturing jobs increased only 8%. Thus wages increased at a rate one fourth as fast as productivity increased. As production costs fell quickly, wages rose slowly, and prices remained constant, the bulk benefit of the increased productivity went into corporate profits. In fact, from 1923-1929 corporate profits rose 62% and dividends rose 65%. The federal government also contributed to the growing gap between the rich and middle-class. Calvin Coolidges administration (and the conservative-controlled government) favored business, and as a result the wealthy who invested in these businesses. An example of legislation to this purpose is the Revenue Act of 1926, signed by President Coolidge on February 26, 1926, which reduced federal income and inheritance taxes dramatically. Andrew Mellon, Coolidges Secretary of the Treasury, was the main force behind these and other tax cuts throughout the 1920s. In effect, he was able to lower federal taxes such that a man with a million-dollar annual income had his federal taxes reduced from $600,000 to $200,000. Even the Supreme Court played a role in expanding the gap between the socioeconomic classes. In the 1923 case Adkins v. Childrens Hospital, the Supreme Court ruled minimum-wage legislationThe large and growing disparity of wealth between the well-to-do and the middle-income citize ns made the U.S. economy unstable. For an economy to function properly, total demand must equal total supply. In an economy with such disparate distribution of income it is not assured that demand will always equal supply. Essentially what happened in the 1920s was that there was an oversupply of goods. It was not that the surplus products of industrialized society were not wanted, but rather that those whose needs were not satiated could not afford more, whereas the wealthy were satiated by spending only a small portion of their

Casestudy-Ecotourism-in-India free essay sample

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) defines ecotourism as: â€Å" environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any accompanying cultural features both past and present) that promotes conservation, has low negative visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socio-economic involvement of local populations† (IUCN, 1996). The travel industry defines ecotourism as: â€Å"purposeful travel that creates an understanding of cultural and natural history, while safeguarding the integrity of the ecosystem and producing economic benefits that encourage conservation . . . The long-term survival of this special type of travel is inextricably linked to the existence of the natural resources that support it† (Bandy, 1996 quoting: Ryel and Grasse 1991:164). The International Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as: â€Å"responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people†. According to the World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) tourism that involves travelling to relatively undisturbed natural areas with the specified objective of studying, admiring and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural aspects [both of the past and the present] found in these areas is defined as ecotourism. An optimum number of environment friendly visitor activities, which do not have any serious impact on the ecosystem and the local community and the positive involvement of the local community in maintaining the ecological balance are some of its key elements (UNWTO, 2002i). With very little consensus between the industry, indigenous and local communities and other government and non-government organizations on the definition of ecotourism, it is being been touted by the industry as the wonderful antidote to the development problems of hitherto untouched areas in India. Ecotourism is today the unique selling proposition of the tourism industry and is being used to bring more and more tourists to fragile regions like the forests and coasts. With nature and culture being the prime attraction it is only logical that the Ministry for Tourism and Culture, state tourism departments and the tourism industry are selling India as an important ecotourism destination. 1. Hypothesis The hypothesis that was considered for the case study was: Newer biodiversity rich areas, under Protected Area status or otherwise, are being rapidly opened for ecotourism. In the absence of coherent policy, regulation and guidelines, current form of ecotourism has impacted biodiversity; lives and governance systems of communities. This has resulted in loss of rights and benefits arising from use of biological resources to communities. Women are particularly affected as they confront increasing problems of social evils, finding wherewithal from even distant locations and reduced say in matters that affect them. 2. Research questions Based on the hypothesis, the following research questions were formulated: a. What are the areas that have been opened up? b. What is the status of laws, policy and guidelines for ecotourism? c. What are the impacts of ecotourism on biodiversity and community governance? d. What are the impacts on women? For the purpose of this case study, the research questions that have been taken up pertain to areas that have been opened up for ecotourism, status of laws, policy and guidelines for ecotourism, and impacts of ecotourism on community governance only. 3. Methodology a. Geographical scope The states that were selected for the case study are: i. ii. Andaman Nicobar Islandsii Chhattisgarh 2 iii. iv. Madhya Pradesh Uttarakhand (earlier Uttaranchal) These states were selected on the basis of being diverse ecosystems with predominantly indigenous populations, which are the selling propositions of ecotourism. The Andaman Islands are an archipelago situated in the Bay of Bengal and are the home for four primitive tribes that are almost on the verge of extinction the Great Andamanese, Jarawas, Onges and Sentinelese. Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are located in Central India and comprise of forest ecosystems that contribute significantly to the forest cover and biological diversity of the country. Chhattisgarh is a tribal state and was carved out of Madhya Pradesh in 2001, both these states are home to indigenous groups like Baiga, Bhil, Gond, Birhor, Munda Korwa, Munda and many others. Uttarakhand is located in the mountain ecosystems of the Himalayas and the trans-Himalayan hill ranges of the Shivaliks, and forest ecosystems. Uttarakhand is also a tribal state which was created from Uttar Pradesh in 2001. The main indigenous peoples’ groups in Uttarakhand are Bhotia, Buksa, Jannsari, Raji, Tharu and Didihat. b. Research design i. Secondary data The main secondary sources of data that were inter alia examined were: †¢ †¢ Official websites of the respective state governments and Government of India Promotional material and information provided by the Ministry of Tourism and Culture Government of India and tourism departments of the respective states ii. Primary data †¢ Interviews – This was the main method of data collection administered to the government and to local community representatives. An interview guideline was prepared containing a detailed list of questions and checklist for every department / official being interviewed. Data collected from interviews was documented through notes taken by the interviewers rather than through tape or video recordings as the latter would not have been appropriate with several government officials. Focus group discussions – In order to collective perspectives from local community members, focus group consultations were organised. A discussion guideline was prepared for the conducting the discussions. Data from the focus group discussions has been documented in writing and through audio visuals. 3 †¢ Field observation – Field observation has been another important instr ument for collecting qualitative data, especially for socio-cultural and environmental impacts of tourism activity. At each field site, a considerable amount of time was spent at different locations to observe tourist behaviour, interaction of tourists with local people and the impacts of such interaction. Data recorded through field observation was immediately documented. †¢ Participant observation – Here, members of the research team went as tourists to different sites to observe tourist behaviour, and to get first-hand experience of how local community members viewed and interacted with tourists. Observations were documented through field notes. iii. Ethical considerations The general principles followed in developing this case study are as follows: †¢ †¢ †¢ all subjects and respondents should take part freely and on the basis of informed consent; ensuring the confidentiality of information and anonymity of names wherever requested; ensuring that data is neither fake nor plagiarised and that results are not falsified. 4. Ecotourism as a Market Based Conservation Mechanism a. Areas that have been opened for ecotourism i. Andaman Nicobar Islands The Department of Environment Forests Andaman Nicobar Islands Administration has proposed to open up the following islands for ecotourism. The details of the ecotourism activities are mentioned in the divisional working plans approved by the Supreme Court. The various islands are: North Andamans 1. Saddle Peak 2. Ross Island 3. Kalipur Beach 4. Kalpong hydro power project 5. Ramnagar Beach 6. Karmatang Beach 7. Ray Hill 8. Curlew Island Middle Andamans 13. Long Island 14. Guitar Island 15. Cuthbert Bay 16. Merk Bay 17. Barren Island (live volcano) South Andamans 18. Rutland 19. Wandoor 20. Chidiyatapu 21. Mount Harriet 22. Shoal Bay 23. Constance Bay 4 9. Interview Island 10. Sound Island 11. Stewart Island 12. Nariyal Balu Apart from the above, the Ministry of Tourism – Government of India has announced an enhancement of private investment from Rs. 5 crore to Rs. 100 crore (equivalent to US$ 1. 1 21. 8 million) in 2004 to build super resorts and luxurious hotels in both the island groups of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweepiii; ten islands were identified in Andamans including Havelock and North Passage. The Directorate of Information, Publicity and Tourism, the nodal agency for tourism in the Islands, has also proposed a new ecotourism circuit at Baratang in November 2004iv. The then Lt. Governor Dr. Kapse had earlier inaugurated eco-huts at Mount Harriet National Park for ‘ecotourists† in July 2004v. ii. Chhattisgarh The state of Chhattisgarh has several ‘virgin attractions’ in protected areas such as Kanger Valley National Park, Barnawapara, Sitanadi, Udanti and Achanakmar Sanctuaries. Mainpat (Surguja), Keshkal valley (Kanker), Chaiturgarh (Bilaspur), Bagicha (Jashpur), Kutumbsar caves, Kailash caves, Tirathgarh falls, Chitrakot falls (Bastar), which â€Å"are all exhilarating destinations being promoted for nature and wildlife tourism. Wildlife areas, camping grounds and trekking facilities would be few of the prime attractions†. vi The policy also states that the endangered Wild Buffalo (Bubalis bubalis) and the even more endangered Hill Myna (Graculis religiosa peninsularis), the state animal and state bird respectively will be protected by ecotourism. Hence ecotourism will help in preserving these and other species of biodiversity. iii. Madhya Pradesh Proposed ecotourism sitesvii 7. 8. 9. Amarkantak and Dindori Forests Dumna Ecotourism Centre, Jabalpur Kathotia Adventure Point The ecotourism sites in Madhya Pradesh are: Existing ecotourism sites 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Kanha National Park Bandhavgarh National Park Panna National Park Pachmari and Satpura Tiger Reserve Pench

An IELTS Essay Sample For Teenagers - English Subject Matter

An IELTS Essay Sample For Teenagers - English Subject MatterIf you're looking for the perfect IELTS essay sample for teenagers, then I'm sure you already know that this is an area of special interest to a lot of people. There are a lot of great sites that are dedicated to helping students get the information they need on writing this type of essay.For many students, English classes are their second major area of focus. If you're not from an English-speaking country and you're considering a switch to another language, then it's possible that this type of writing may interest you.In the United States, English has been used as a first language since time immemorial. This means that students can take advanced English courses when they're young. After that, they're expected to become fluent in English.The process of learning English can be intimidating for most students, but it doesn't have to be. With just a little bit of patience and practice, you should be able to pick up some skills f airly quickly.One thing that you'll need to know before you begin is that the amount of vocabulary that you will need to know is pretty high. If you really want to make your essay impressive, you'll need to write about what you know and understand, which is a good idea.When you learn English, one of the things that you will definitely want to do is practice what you've learned. The sooner you begin doing this, the better off you'll be.There are two ways that you can go about studying English in school. You can either read English literature or read English newspapers to get an understanding of how this language is used.If you've already taken a class in English or if you want to brush up on what you already know, then you should find a good online resource that teaches you the basics. An IELTS essay sample for teenagers is a great place to start.

Diary Of Anne Frank Essays - Dutch People, European People

Diary of Anne Frank The story Diary of Anne Frank was a very interesting book which showed the ways a group of Jewish people during the 1940's went about trying to conceal their identity and themselves. This story was a true story taken from a diary of a young girl during the incident. This was made into a play during 1955. This was praised as Frances Goodrich's and her husband Albert Hackett's most famous work as it was performed. The play was started in November of 1945. As Mr. Frank began to read the diary, it flashed back to July 1942 in an attic in Amsterdam because this was where the people were hiding and represented the type of place that Jews all over were living. The most important part of the play were the people who were acted out. They gave the play a sense of flavor and realism. Anne, a young German girl was particularly amusing because of the scuffles she and everyone around her seemed to have. Anne's Mother was a woman who was more traditional than anything else and wanted Anne to be more like a lady. One such person was Margot. As Anne's sister, she was very nice and didn't speak out and was very proper. The Frank's weren't the only ones in this attic, there were other people such as the Van Daans. Mr. Frank let them stay because they needed a place to hide and since they had helped him out so much in the past by actually teaching Mr. Frank German, he felt it was the least he could do. The Van Daans had a son which Anne later became interested in. Peter was the only person who Anne could understand and knew that Anne could understand him. They could both talk to each other freely when they were together. Dussel soon joined the group. He was only supposed to be up in the attic for a short time, but he ended up staying till the end. He had to leave his Dentistry to hide out from the Germans. These people would not of lasted too long without the help of Miep Gies and Mr. Kraler who gave them the necessities they needed to survive up in the attic for so long. All these people gave their own personality and views to add new dimensions to the play and make it more enjoyable. They all were believable by their realism and how they acted to certain situations. The play was about the conflicts and struggles two families living together for a long period of time seemed to get a bit crazy. In general, they were hiding from the Nazi's. During their hiding out, Anne and Peter soon found a friendship between each other and started talking building up a relationship after about 2 years of nothing. This story was a prime example of what tons of families and different people had to live through during these hard times. The play demonstrated it the way it was as people who are nice and happy at the beginning and start to crumble as the years go by. Mr. Van Daan crumbled because he started stealing food while he knew his own son was close to starving. I thought this was a very interesting play about several groups of people and how they were able to survive up in the attic for about 4 years in the attic with almost only themselves. I think this is a good book for people who like suspense as in if Anne and everyone else gets caught ultimately in the end of the play. It also would be good for someone who was learning how Jews lived during the 1940's with the Germans as a threat to their freedom.